The Underground Wonder of Pakistan

Nestled in the foothills of the Salt Range in Punjab, Pakistan, the Khewra Salt Mines are not only a geological treasure but also a remarkable symbol of natural beauty, historical depth, and industrial significance. As the second-largest salt mine in the world and the oldest in South Asia, the Khewra Salt Mines attract thousands of visitors each year with their stunning underground landscapes and rich cultural legacy.

A Journey into the Depths

Located near the city of Jhelum in the Punjab province, the Khewra Salt Mines stretch over 110 square kilometers and go as deep as 730 meters (2,400 feet) underground. The entrance to the mine offers little hint of the world that lies beneath. As visitors descend into the cool, dimly lit tunnels, they are transported into a surreal subterranean world where everything—from walls and ceilings to sculptures and structures—is made of salt.

The experience is nothing short of magical. Walking through the main tunnel, which dates back centuries, one encounters a network of narrow passageways, large chambers, salt pools, and man-made marvels all illuminated by soft lighting that reflects off the pink and white salt crystals. The temperature remains constant throughout the year, around 18°C, creating a pleasant environment for tourists and workers alike.

A Mine of History

The history of Khewra Salt Mines dates back over 2,000 years. Legend has it that the discovery of salt in this region occurred during the time of Alexander the Great in 326 BCE. It is said that when Alexander’s army camped in the area, his horses began licking the rocks, revealing the presence of salt deposits. However, systematic mining of salt began much later under the Mughal Empire and was further developed during the British colonial period.

The British established modern mining techniques in the 19th century, designing the mine's layout and introducing safety measures. Today, Khewra is operated by the Pakistan Mineral Development Corporation and remains a key contributor to the country's salt production.

Natural Architecture and Man-Made Wonders

One of the most fascinating aspects of the Khewra Salt Mines is the way natural geology has blended seamlessly with human creativity. Within the mines, workers have carved out several miniature monuments and structures entirely from salt blocks. These include replicas of famous landmarks such as the Badshahi Mosque, Minar-e-Pakistan, and a model of the Great Wall of China. These salt sculptures are not only impressive in their accuracy but also emit a warm, glowing hue under special lights, making them appear almost ethereal.

There is also a fully functional mosque inside the mine, built entirely from salt bricks. The white and pink hues of the salt used in the mosque’s construction give it a soft, serene ambiance, and the fact that it is located deep underground makes it a unique place of worship.

Another highlight is the underground salt lake, where the still water reflects the glowing salt formations on the walls and ceiling, creating a dreamlike scene. Floating on the dense saline water is possible, similar to the Dead Sea, although swimming is not permitted.

The Health Benefits of Salt

The Khewra Salt Mines are not just a tourist destination; they are also known for their therapeutic value. The mines contain specially designed "Salt Therapy Chambers" for people suffering from respiratory ailments such as asthma and chronic bronchitis. These chambers maintain a controlled environment with salt-saturated air, which is believed to have healing properties due to its anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects.

Visitors who spend time in these chambers often report improved breathing and relaxation. The popularity of salt therapy has grown globally, and Khewra offers a unique, natural setting for this alternative treatment. The Salt Mines Hospital, situated within the premises, provides halotherapy (salt therapy) in a peaceful underground chamber, attracting patients from across the country.

Mining and Production

Despite its status as a major tourist attraction, the Khewra Salt Mines remain an active industrial site. Each year, around 400,000 to 500,000 tons of rock salt are extracted from the mines. The salt produced here is known for its purity, often exceeding 98% sodium chloride content, making it highly desirable for both culinary and industrial use.

A variety of salt products are manufactured from the extracted material, including table salt, animal licks, decorative lamps, tiles, and spa products. Himalayan pink salt, which originates from this mine, has gained international fame for its rich mineral content and health benefits. The global demand for this distinctive pink salt continues to rise, and Khewra plays a central role in its production and export.

Tourist Experience

Khewra Salt Mines offer a well-developed tourist infrastructure. Visitors can take a guided tour through the tunnels, ride a small electric train into the mine, and explore designated areas filled with salt sculptures and historical information. Educational tours for students and groups are frequently organized, highlighting the scientific, cultural, and economic significance of the site.

Souvenir shops outside the mine sell a wide range of salt products, from lamps and candle holders to cooking blocks and spa salts. The visitor center provides background on the history of the mine, its geology, and the mining techniques used over the centuries.

The mines also feature a cafeteria, a small museum, and rest areas, making it a comfortable and informative stop for tourists. Special lighting effects and guides fluent in local languages further enhance the experience.

Environmental and Safety Measures

Mining operations at Khewra follow the traditional “room and pillar” method, in which 50% of the salt is extracted while the other half is left behind as supporting pillars. This ensures the structural integrity of the mine and prevents collapse. Ventilation systems and safety protocols are in place to protect both workers and tourists.

Efforts are being made to preserve the delicate ecosystem of the mine and promote responsible tourism. As awareness grows around environmental conservation, the mine’s administration continues to strike a balance between production and preservation.

A National Treasure

Khewra Salt Mines represent more than just a resource-rich site—they are a testament to Pakistan’s natural wealth, cultural heritage, and industrial capability. The combination of history, science, art, and healing makes this site a multifaceted gem that captures the imagination of all who visit.

For those seeking adventure, history, or wellness, Khewra offers a unique underground journey into the heart of the Earth. It’s a place where ancient geological forces, human ingenuity, and natural beauty come together in perfect harmony, making it one of the most unforgettable destinations in Pakistan.